????

百度真正做到：小康路上一个不少，小康生活一个不拉。

????(???: 女形), ?? ???(???: 女方)? ??? ??? ????? ?? ??? ?? ?? ??? ???.^[1]

??

??? ?? ?? ???? ?? ??? ???? ?? ?? ???? ???. ??? ??? ??? ??? 17?? ??? ?? ??? ???? ??? ?? ??? ?? ??? ???? ????? ??? ???(?? ???)? ??? ???. 1612? ? ??? ??? ???? ???? ????? ???? ??? ?? ??? ?? ?? ?????, ??? ??? ?? ????.^[2](90?)

????? ???? ?? ?? ??(?? ??? ??? ??)? ???? ?? ???, ??? ?? ??? ???? ??? ???? ?? ???? ???. ?? ??? ???? ????, ?? ??? ??? ?? ?? ??? ?? ???? ??? ???? 1629? ????? ??? ????? ??? ???? ?? ?????, ?? ?? ???? ??? ???? ??????.^[2](90–91?)

1642? ???? ??? ????? ?? ????? ???? ??? ???? ???. ???? ??? ?? ? ???? ???(??)? ??? ?? ??? ??? ?? ?????, ? ??? ??? ? ?????.^[2](92?) ???? ??? 1644? ?????, ???? ?? ??? ??? ?? ?? ?? ??? ???? ?? ?? ???? 1652? ?????. ????? ??? ??? ??? ??? ??? ?? ?? ??? ?(???? ??)? ??? ?? ????, ??? ??? ??? ??? ?? ???? ???? ???? ??? ???.(132?) ???? ????? ??? ???? ?? ?? ??? ????? ???? ??? ??? ?????, ????? ? ?? ??? ??? ???? ??? ???? ?? ???.^[3]

??? ??? ???? ? 19?? ? ??, ???? 1920?? ??? ???? ?? ??? ?????. ??? ??? ???? ??? ??? ????? ?? ??? ??? ???? ?? ???? ????. ?? ?? ????? 1922? ????? ??? ??? ????? ??? ?? ??? ???? ???. ???? ???? ????? ?? ?? ???? ??? ????.^[4]

???? ?? ?????? ???? ???? ???, ?????? ??? ?? ?? ??? ???.

??? ??? ???? ??? ??? ??? ???? ?? ????? ?? ?? ????? ???? ???? ??? ?? ?? ?? ??? ??. ???? ??? ?? ?? ??? ??? ?? ??? ?? ?? ??? ??? ?? ???? ??? ?? ??? ???? ?? ?? ?? ??? ??? ???? ?? ??. ????? ??? ???????? ??? ???? ???? ?? ??? ??? ???, ?? ??? ??? ??? ??? ????? ??? ???? ?? ?? ?? ??? ???? ???.

??? ?? ? ??, 1700? ? ???? ?????? ??? ??? ?? ???? ??. ??? ??? ? ????? ?????(???? ????? ????? ??? ??? ??)? ??? ?? ????.

??? ?? ? ??, 1700? ? ???? ?????? ??? ??? ?? ???? ??. ??? ??? ? ????? ?????(???? ????? ????? ??? ??? ??)? ??? ?? ????.
?? ??? ??? ??? ???? ?? 6?? ???? ???? 3?. ????? ??? ??? ? ??? 1860?? ????? ?????.^[a]
???? ????????????(沓手鳥孤城落月)?? ???? ?? ???? ???? ???? 5?(1866? ~ 1940?)
?? ??? ?? ??? ???? ??? ???? ???? 6?, 1951?.
2007? 11? ???? ???? ???? ????? ???? ????? ???? ?? ? ?? ?? ??. ? ?? ??? ?? ??? ??? ??.
2012? 1? ???? ????? ?? ????? 5?(???)

??? ????

?? ??

?? ??
???
?? ??
??? ?
??
???? ??
????? (??)
?? ?? ???

??

↑ Sawamura was, without question, one of the greatest onnagata of all time. Note here his blackened teeth (ohaguro). Sadly, he died prematurely in 1875, a triple amputee as a result of gangrene, leaving Japan sans a first-rate onnagata through 1900 and beyond (the efforts of Ichikawa Danjuro IX and Onoe Kikugoro V notwithstanding). Sawamura’s fashion sense set contemporaneous female taste, style which, to this day, pervades the Japanese psyche, especially evidenced in bridal wear. Few appeared with him as onnagata—but Nakamura Shikan IV, here, was noted for his versatility, both in masculine, heroic roles, and in onnagata.

??

↑ “Three Actors”. World Digital Library. 2013? 5? 4?? ???.
↑ ^? ^? ^? Leupp, Gary P. (1997). 《Male Colors: The Construction of Homosexuality in Tokugawa Japan》. University of California Press. ISBN 0-520-20900-1.
↑ Leiter, Samuel L. (2006). 《Historical dictionary of Japanese traditional theatre》. Rowman & Littlefield. 251?. ISBN 0-8108-5527-5.
↑ Though there are all-female troupes, they represent a separate tradition, performing at separate theatres and for the most part not really playing a part in the 'core' kabuki world.

[5] Sawamura was, without question, one of the greatest onnagata of all time. Note here his blackened teeth (ohaguro). Sadly, he died prematurely in 1875, a triple amputee as a result of gangrene, leaving Japan sans a first-rate onnagata through 1900 and beyond (the efforts of Ichikawa Danjuro IX and Onoe Kikugoro V notwithstanding). Sawamura’s fashion sense set contemporaneous female taste, style which, to this day, pervades the Japanese psyche, especially evidenced in bridal wear. Few appeared with him as onnagata—but Nakamura Shikan IV, here, was noted for his versatility, both in masculine, heroic roles, and in onnagata.

[WDL1-1] “Three Actors”. World Digital Library. 2013? 5? 4?? ???.

[Leupp-2] ? ^? ^? Leupp, Gary P. (1997). 《Male Colors: The Construction of Homosexuality in Tokugawa Japan》. University of California Press. ISBN 0-520-20900-1.

[3] Leiter, Samuel L. (2006). 《Historical dictionary of Japanese traditional theatre》. Rowman & Littlefield. 251?. ISBN 0-8108-5527-5.

[4] Though there are all-female troupes, they represent a separate tradition, performing at separate theatres and for the most part not really playing a part in the 'core' kabuki world.

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[a]

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