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???(母權制, ??: matriarchy ?????^[*]), ?? ????(家母長制)? ???? ?? ????, ??? ?? ?? ????? ??? ????? ?? ?? ????. ??? ????? ???? ??? ??? ?? ????, ??? ???? ?? ?? ?? ?????.^[1] ??????(???? ???? ???), ??? “????”??? ??? ????? ??.^[2]

???????? ???? “??, ??, ??, ? ?? ??? ?? ?? ???? ?? ????”^[1] “?? ?? ???”?? ????.^[1] ????(W. A. Haviland)? ???, ???????? ???? “??? ?? ??”? ????.^[3] ???? ??, ?? ???? ??? ???, ??? ??, ??? ???? ?? ??? ?? ?? ??? ???, ?? ??? ??? ??? ? ??? ?? ???? ??? ?? ???? ?? ???. ???(L. A. Kuzner)? ??? ????????? 1924? ???? ???? ?? “?????? ?????? ?? … ??? ???? ???? ?? ??”? ????? ????.^[4] ???? ???? ??? ??? ??? ?? ???? ?? ?? ????? ??? ????, ???? ?? ??? ??? ???? ?? ???? ?????? ???? ????? ??? ??? ???? ??.^[5]

?? ?? ??

?? ?? ?? ???? ?????? ?????. ??? ???? ??? “??? ????? ??? … ????? ??? ??? ??? ??? ??????”?,^[6] ??? ????? ??? ????.^[7] ?????? ???????? ?????? ????? ???? ???, ?????? ???? “??? ?? ??? ?? ??? ??, ?????? ??? ??, ???? ???? ?? ?”??, ??? ??? ???? ??? ???? ??. ?? ?????? ?????? “??? ????? ??? ???? ??? ??? ? ? ?”??? ??. ?????? ?? ???? ???-?????? ??? ??? ?????.^[8] ???? ?????? ?? ??? ?????? ????, ???? ?????? ???, ???? ?????? ????? ???? ? ??? ????.^[9]

??? ??

??? ??? ???? ??? ? ?? ??? ??? ? ??? ?? ?? ????? ????.^[10]^[11]^[12] ?????(J. M. Adovasio), ??(O. Soffer), ???(J. Page)? ???? ??? ??? ? ??? ???? ?? ??? ???? ???.^[13] ???? ???(J. Bamberger)? ??? ???? ??? ??? ??? ?? ??? ????? ??? ??? ????.^[14] ????(Haviland)? ???, ??? ?? ?? ??? ??? ?? ??? ???? ??? “19?? ????”? ?? ?????.^[3] ? ?? 20???? ???? ????, ?? ?2?? ????? ???? ?????. ??? ??? ??? ??? ??? ?????? ???, ????? ? ?? ??? ???? ???.^[15]

???????? ??? ??? ??? 1861? ????? ? 『??: ?? ????? ??? ? ?? ?? ??』?? ??? ????. ????? ??? ??? ???? ?? ??? ??? ????, ??? ????? ??? ??? ??? ???? ??? ??? ??? ???? ??? ????? ???? ?????? ????. ????? ??????? ?? ??? ?????? ????, ??? ? ?? ???? ??, ?? ??, ??? ??? ?? ?? ?? ??? ??? ??? ??? ????, ?? ??? ?? ?? ?? ??? ?? ?? ???? ??? ??? ????? ????. ??(U. Wesel)? ???, ????? ?? ??? ???? ?? ???? ????.^[16] ???? ?? ???, ???, ??, ???? ?? ????????? ????? ??? ??^[17] ??? ?? ???? ????? ??? ???? ??.^[18] ???? ?? ???, 2000? ?? ?????? ??? ??? ??? ??? ???? ??? ?? ??.^[19]

???? ??? ?? ?????? ???? ??? ?????, ?? ???? ??? ???? ?????? ?? ??? ???? ????.

??????? ??

??? ??? ?????? ?? ?????? ???? ???? ??? ???? ??.^[20]^[21]

????? ?? ???, ??? ?? ?(? ? ?? ????? ????)? ?1?? ???? ??? ???? ?? ????,^[22] ? ??? ??? ??? ???? ????.^[23] 1871? ???? ???? ???? ??? ??? ???? ???? ??? ??? ??? 1? ?? ???? ???? ????? ??? ???.^[24] ??? ???? ???? ??? 1872? ??? ??? ????.^[25]^[26] ?? ??? ??? 1911?? 1914??^[27] “??????, ?? ??? ???? ??,”^[28] “??? ???? ??”? ???? ????.^[29] ??? ??? ??? ?? ?? ??? ??? ???^[30] ??? ?? “??”??,^[31] ??? ?? ??? ???? ?? ???? ??? ????.^[32]

James Penner ??? ??? ???????? “?? ??”(matriarchal worship) ??? ???? ??.^[33]

??? ??????? ????? ??? ????? ??.^[34] ??? ?????(?? ??? ??????)? ?? ???? ???? ??? ???? ?? ??? ??? ??? ????.^[20]^[21]

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↑ ^? ^? ^? Oxford English Dictionary (online), entry matriarchy, as accessed November 3, 2013.
↑ Peoples, James, & Garrick Bailey, Humanity: An Introduction to Cultural Anthropology (Australia: Wadsworth (Cengage Learning), 9th ed. 2012 (ISBN 978-1-111-30152-1)), p. 259, col. 1 (author Peoples prof. sociology/anthropology & dir. E. Asian studies, Ohio Wesleyan University, & previously taught at Univ. of California at Davis & Univ.of Tulsa & author Bailey taught anthro. at Univ. of Tulsa, sr. Fellow in anthro. at Smithsonian Institution, & scholar at School of American Research, Santa Fe).
↑ ^? ^? Haviland, William A., Anthropology (Ft. Worth: Harcourt Brace College Publishers, 8th ed. 1997 (ISBN 0-15-503578-9)), p. 579, col. 1 (author prof. anthropology, Univ. of Vermont).
↑ Kuznar, Lawrence A., Reclaiming a Scientific Anthropology (Walnut Creek, Calif.: AltaMira Press (div. of Sage Publications), pbk. 1997 (ISBN 0-7619-9114-X)).
↑ “???[父權制, patriarchy]”. ????? ????. 2015? 2? 7?? ?? ???? ??? ??. 2015? 2? 6?? ???.
↑ Chesler, Phyllis, Women and Madness (N.Y.: Palgrave Macmillan, rev'd & updated ed., 1st ed. November, 2005 (ISBN 1-4039-6897-7)), pp. 335–336 (italics omitted) (author emerita prof. psychology & women's studies & affiliated with Haifa Univ. & Bar Ilan Univ.).
Same quotation: Chesler, Phyllis, Women and Madness (Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday, 1972 (ISBN 0-385-02671-4)), p. 284 (italics omitted) (author then asst. prof., psychology dep't, Richmond Coll., City Univ. of N.Y., Policy Council Member of Ass'n for Women in Psychology, & feminist).
↑ Chesler, Phyllis, Women and Madness (2005), op. cit., pp. 335–336.
Same quotation: Chesler, Phyllis, Women and Madness (1972), op. cit., p. 284.
↑ Strabo, 5.504.
↑ Ukert, F. A., Die Amazonen (Abhandlungen der philosophisch-philologischen Classe der K?niglich Bayerischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, 1849), 63.
↑ Goldberg, Steven, The Inevitability of Patriarchy (William Morrow & Co., 1973).^{[? ?? ??]}
↑ Eller, Cynthia, The Myth of Matriarchal Prehistory: Why an Invented Past Won't Give Women a Future (Boston: Beacon Press, 2001).^{[? ?? ??]}
↑ Encyclopaedia Britannica describes this view as "consensus", listing matriarchy as a hypothetical social system: Encyclop?dia Britannica (2007), entry Matriarchy.
↑ Adovasio, J. M., Olga Soffer, & Jake Page, The Invisible Sex: Uncovering the True Roles of Women in Prehistory (Smithsonian Books & Collins (HarperCollinsPublishers), 1st Smithsonian Books ed. 2007 (ISBN 978-0-06-117091-1)), pp. 251–255, esp. p. 255.
↑ Bamberger, Joan, The Myth of Matriarchy: Why Men Rule in Primitive Society, in M. Rosaldo & L. Lamphere, Women, Culture, and Society (Stanford, Calif.: Stanford Univ. Press, 1974), p. 263.
↑ "The view of matriarchy as constituting a stage of cultural development now is generally discredited. Furthermore, the consensus among modern anthropologists and sociologists is that a strictly matriarchal society never existed." Encyclop?dia Britannica (2007), entry Matriarchy.
↑ Wesel, Uwe, Der Mythos vom Matriarchat. über Bachofens Mutterrecht und die Stellung von Frauen in frühen Gesellschaften (Frankfurt/M.: Suhrkamp, 1980).^{[? ?? ??]}
↑ Ruether, Rosemary Radford, Goddesses and the Divine Feminine: A Western Religious History, p. 15.
↑ Bachofen, Johann Jakob, Myth, Religion, and Mother Right.^{[? ?? ??]}
↑ Mann, Susan, Presidential Address: Myths of Asian Womanhood, in The Journal of Asian Studies, vol. 59, no. 4 (November, 2000), p. 839 and see p. 842 but see p. 839 & n. 12 (author Mann prof. history, University of California, Davis), in JStor (database).
↑ ^? ^? Weisberg, D. Kelly, ed., Applications of Feminist Legal Theory to Women's Lives: Sex, Violence, Work, and Reproduction (Philadelphia: Temple Univ. Press, 1996 (ISBN 1-56639-423-6)), p. 9 ("women must organize against patriarchy as a class") but see p. 11 ("some radical feminists ... opt ... for anarchistic, violent methods").
↑ ^? ^? Dale, Jennifer, & Peggy Foster, Feminists and State Welfare (London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1986 (ISBN 0-7102-0278-4)), p. 52 ("radical feminist theory .... could, indeed, be said to point in the direction of 'matriarchy'") and see pp. 52–53 (political separatism).
↑ Donovan, Josephine, Feminist Theory, op. cit., p. 55 & n. 15, citing Stanton, Elizabeth Cady, Address (Washington Woman's Rights Convention, 1869), in History of Woman Suffrage, vol. 2, pp. 351–353.
↑ Donovan, Josephine, Feminist Theory, p. 57, citing Gage, Matilda Joslyn, Woman, Church and State: A Historical Account of the Status of Women through the Christian Ages; with Reminiscences of the Matriarchate (Watertown, Mass.: Persephone Press, 1980 (1893)), p. 21.
↑ A Lecture on Constitutional Equality, also known as The Great Secession Speech, speech to Woman's Suffrage Convention, New York, May 11, 1871, excerpt quoted in Gabriel, Mary, Notorious Victoria: The Life of Victoria Woodhull, Uncensored (Chapel Hill, N.Car.: Algonquin Books of Chapel Hill, 1st ed. 1998 (ISBN 1-56512-132-5)), pp. 86–87 & n. [13] (author Mary Gabriel journalist, Reuters News Service). Also excerpted, differently, in Underhill, Lois Beachy, The Woman Who Ran for President: The Many Lives of Victoria Woodhull (Bridgehampton, N.Y.: Bridge Works, 1st ed. 1995 (ISBN 1-882593-10-3)), pp. 125–126 & unnumbered n.
↑ Gabriel, Mary, Notorious Victoria, op. cit., passim, esp. pp. 54–57 & nn.
↑ Underhill, Lois Beachy, The Woman Who Ran for President, op. cit., passim, esp. ch. 8.
↑ The dates are those of two original editions of the same work, both cited herein.
↑ Donovan, Josephine, Feminist Theory, op. cit., p. 61 (author prof. Eng., Univ. of Maine), citing Gilman, Charlotte Perkins, The Man-Made World; or, Our Androcentric Culture (N.Y.: Johnson Reprint, 1971 (1911)), passim.
↑ Donovan, Josephine, Feminist Theory, op. cit., p. 62, citing Gilman, Charlotte Perkins, The Man-Made World, op. cit. (1971 (1911)), p. 190.
↑ Gilman, Charlotte Perkins, The Man-Made World (2001 (1914)), op. cit., pp. 153 & 177.
↑ Gilman, Charlotte Perkins, The Man-Made World (2001 (1914)), op. cit., p. 153.
↑ Gilman, Charlotte Perkins, The Man-Made World (Amherst, N.Y.: Humanity Books, 2001 (ISBN 1-57392-959-X)), p. 177 and see p. 153 (original: The Man-Made World; or, Our Androcentric Culture (N.Y.: Charlton, 3d ed. 1914)).
↑ Penner, James, Pinks, Pansies, and Punks: The Rhetoric of Masculinity in American Literary Culture (Bloomington, Ind.: Indiana Univ. Press, 2011 (ISBN 978-0-253-22251-0)), p. 235 (author asst. prof. Eng., Univ. of Puerto Rico, Rio Piedras).
↑ Castro, Ginette, trans. Elizabeth Loverde-Bagwell, American Feminism: A Contemporary History (N.Y.: N.Y. Univ. Press, 1990 (ISBN 0-8147-1448-X)), p. 42 (trans. from Radioscopie du féminisme américain (Paris, France: Presses de la Fondation Nationale des Sciences Politiques, 1984) (French)) (author prof. Eng. lang. & culture, Univ. of Bordeaux III, France).

?? ??

Eller, Cynthia, The Myth of Matriarchal Prehistory: Why an Invented Past Won't Give Women a Future (2001 (ISBN 0-8070-6793-8))
Gimbutas, Marija, The Language of the Goddess (1991)

?? ??

[OED-matriarchy-1] ? ^? ^? Oxford English Dictionary (online), entry matriarchy, as accessed November 3, 2013.

[HumanityIntroCulturAnthro-9ed-p259col1-2] Peoples, James, & Garrick Bailey, Humanity: An Introduction to Cultural Anthropology (Australia: Wadsworth (Cengage Learning), 9th ed. 2012 (ISBN 978-1-111-30152-1)), p. 259, col. 1 (author Peoples prof. sociology/anthropology & dir. E. Asian studies, Ohio Wesleyan University, & previously taught at Univ. of California at Davis & Univ.of Tulsa & author Bailey taught anthro. at Univ. of Tulsa, sr. Fellow in anthro. at Smithsonian Institution, & scholar at School of American Research, Santa Fe).

[Anthro-Haviland-8ed-p579col1-3] ? ^? Haviland, William A., Anthropology (Ft. Worth: Harcourt Brace College Publishers, 8th ed. 1997 (ISBN 0-15-503578-9)), p. 579, col. 1 (author prof. anthropology, Univ. of Vermont).

[4] Kuznar, Lawrence A., Reclaiming a Scientific Anthropology (Walnut Creek, Calif.: AltaMira Press (div. of Sage Publications), pbk. 1997 (ISBN 0-7619-9114-X)).

[5] “???[父權制, patriarchy]”. ????? ????. 2015? 2? 7?? ?? ???? ??? ??. 2015? 2? 6?? ???.

[6] Chesler, Phyllis, Women and Madness (N.Y.: Palgrave Macmillan, rev'd & updated ed., 1st ed. November, 2005 (ISBN 1-4039-6897-7)), pp. 335–336 (italics omitted) (author emerita prof. psychology & women's studies & affiliated with Haifa Univ. & Bar Ilan Univ.).
Same quotation: Chesler, Phyllis, Women and Madness (Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday, 1972 (ISBN 0-385-02671-4)), p. 284 (italics omitted) (author then asst. prof., psychology dep't, Richmond Coll., City Univ. of N.Y., Policy Council Member of Ass'n for Women in Psychology, & feminist).

[7] Chesler, Phyllis, Women and Madness (2005), op. cit., pp. 335–336.
Same quotation: Chesler, Phyllis, Women and Madness (1972), op. cit., p. 284.

[8] Strabo, 5.504.

[9] Ukert, F. A., Die Amazonen (Abhandlungen der philosophisch-philologischen Classe der K?niglich Bayerischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, 1849), 63.

[10] Goldberg, Steven, The Inevitability of Patriarchy (William Morrow & Co., 1973).^{[? ?? ??]}

[11] Eller, Cynthia, The Myth of Matriarchal Prehistory: Why an Invented Past Won't Give Women a Future (Boston: Beacon Press, 2001).^{[? ?? ??]}

[12] Encyclopaedia Britannica describes this view as "consensus", listing matriarchy as a hypothetical social system: Encyclop?dia Britannica (2007), entry Matriarchy.

[InvisibleSex-pp251-255-255-13] Adovasio, J. M., Olga Soffer, & Jake Page, The Invisible Sex: Uncovering the True Roles of Women in Prehistory (Smithsonian Books & Collins (HarperCollinsPublishers), 1st Smithsonian Books ed. 2007 (ISBN 978-0-06-117091-1)), pp. 251–255, esp. p. 255.

[14] Bamberger, Joan, The Myth of Matriarchy: Why Men Rule in Primitive Society, in M. Rosaldo & L. Lamphere, Women, Culture, and Society (Stanford, Calif.: Stanford Univ. Press, 1974), p. 263.

[15] "The view of matriarchy as constituting a stage of cultural development now is generally discredited. Furthermore, the consensus among modern anthropologists and sociologists is that a strictly matriarchal society never existed." Encyclop?dia Britannica (2007), entry Matriarchy.

[16] Wesel, Uwe, Der Mythos vom Matriarchat. über Bachofens Mutterrecht und die Stellung von Frauen in frühen Gesellschaften (Frankfurt/M.: Suhrkamp, 1980).^{[? ?? ??]}

[17] Ruether, Rosemary Radford, Goddesses and the Divine Feminine: A Western Religious History, p. 15.

[18] Bachofen, Johann Jakob, Myth, Religion, and Mother Right.^{[? ?? ??]}

[19] Mann, Susan, Presidential Address: Myths of Asian Womanhood, in The Journal of Asian Studies, vol. 59, no. 4 (November, 2000), p. 839 and see p. 842 but see p. 839 & n. 12 (author Mann prof. history, University of California, Davis), in JStor (database).

[AppsFLegalTheoryWLSVWR-p9-20] ? ^? Weisberg, D. Kelly, ed., Applications of Feminist Legal Theory to Women's Lives: Sex, Violence, Work, and Reproduction (Philadelphia: Temple Univ. Press, 1996 (ISBN 1-56639-423-6)), p. 9 ("women must organize against patriarchy as a class") but see p. 11 ("some radical feminists ... opt ... for anarchistic, violent methods").

[FStateWelfare-p52-21] ? ^? Dale, Jennifer, & Peggy Foster, Feminists and State Welfare (London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1986 (ISBN 0-7102-0278-4)), p. 52 ("radical feminist theory .... could, indeed, be said to point in the direction of 'matriarchy'") and see pp. 52–53 (political separatism).

[22] Donovan, Josephine, Feminist Theory, op. cit., p. 55 & n. 15, citing Stanton, Elizabeth Cady, Address (Washington Woman's Rights Convention, 1869), in History of Woman Suffrage, vol. 2, pp. 351–353.

[23] Donovan, Josephine, Feminist Theory, p. 57, citing Gage, Matilda Joslyn, Woman, Church and State: A Historical Account of the Status of Women through the Christian Ages; with Reminiscences of the Matriarchate (Watertown, Mass.: Persephone Press, 1980 (1893)), p. 21.

[24] A Lecture on Constitutional Equality, also known as The Great Secession Speech, speech to Woman's Suffrage Convention, New York, May 11, 1871, excerpt quoted in Gabriel, Mary, Notorious Victoria: The Life of Victoria Woodhull, Uncensored (Chapel Hill, N.Car.: Algonquin Books of Chapel Hill, 1st ed. 1998 (ISBN 1-56512-132-5)), pp. 86–87 & n. [13] (author Mary Gabriel journalist, Reuters News Service). Also excerpted, differently, in Underhill, Lois Beachy, The Woman Who Ran for President: The Many Lives of Victoria Woodhull (Bridgehampton, N.Y.: Bridge Works, 1st ed. 1995 (ISBN 1-882593-10-3)), pp. 125–126 & unnumbered n.

[25] Gabriel, Mary, Notorious Victoria, op. cit., passim, esp. pp. 54–57 & nn.

[26] Underhill, Lois Beachy, The Woman Who Ran for President, op. cit., passim, esp. ch. 8.

[27] The dates are those of two original editions of the same work, both cited herein.

[28] Donovan, Josephine, Feminist Theory, op. cit., p. 61 (author prof. Eng., Univ. of Maine), citing Gilman, Charlotte Perkins, The Man-Made World; or, Our Androcentric Culture (N.Y.: Johnson Reprint, 1971 (1911)), passim.

[29] Donovan, Josephine, Feminist Theory, op. cit., p. 62, citing Gilman, Charlotte Perkins, The Man-Made World, op. cit. (1971 (1911)), p. 190.

[30] Gilman, Charlotte Perkins, The Man-Made World (2001 (1914)), op. cit., pp. 153 & 177.

[31] Gilman, Charlotte Perkins, The Man-Made World (2001 (1914)), op. cit., p. 153.

[32] Gilman, Charlotte Perkins, The Man-Made World (Amherst, N.Y.: Humanity Books, 2001 (ISBN 1-57392-959-X)), p. 177 and see p. 153 (original: The Man-Made World; or, Our Androcentric Culture (N.Y.: Charlton, 3d ed. 1914)).

[33] Penner, James, Pinks, Pansies, and Punks: The Rhetoric of Masculinity in American Literary Culture (Bloomington, Ind.: Indiana Univ. Press, 2011 (ISBN 978-0-253-22251-0)), p. 235 (author asst. prof. Eng., Univ. of Puerto Rico, Rio Piedras).

[34] Castro, Ginette, trans. Elizabeth Loverde-Bagwell, American Feminism: A Contemporary History (N.Y.: N.Y. Univ. Press, 1990 (ISBN 0-8147-1448-X)), p. 42 (trans. from Radioscopie du féminisme américain (Paris, France: Presses de la Fondation Nationale des Sciences Politiques, 1984) (French)) (author prof. Eng. lang. & culture, Univ. of Bordeaux III, France).

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